Monday, April 25, 2016

Week #6 - Odds and Ends

Assignment #1: Discussion Board - Tales of the sea - The ocean holds many mysteries, some natural and some man-made. This week, discuss mysteries of the deep. Perhaps you have been fascinated by the Bermuda Triangle and the many planes and ships that have mysteriously disappeared there. Maybe you like or dislike tales of sea monsters, giant squids, ghost ships and mermaids or sirens. If you need information about any of these, click on the links below.

For the discussion, in your personal first post, identify your sea mystery or monster and explain why it is of interest to you. Feel free to select a different Gothic tale or item. There are just places to start for those of you who have always lived in the deserts of Arizona.

Respond to three posts or comments of others.

(45 points - 15 for your original post & 10 for each additional response.

Ghost ships: http://hubpages.com/religion-philosophy/Ghost-Ships-10-haunted-tales-of-the-sea-you-may-not-have-heard-of
Mermaids: http://www.livescience.com/39882-mermaid.html
Bermuda Triangle: http://www.history.com/topics/bermuda-triangle
Sea monsers: http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/mythic-creatures/water-creatures-of-the-deep/sea-monsters
Assignment #2: Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Samuel Taylor Coleridge often dabbled in the supernatural and the exotic and wrote in such a way that the unbelievable became believable. Take a look at the life and times of Coleridge.

Look for:
  • Location
  • Time period
  • Society
  • World Events
  • Personal & home life
  • Friends
  • Co-workers/writers
  • Publications
  • Influences
  • Fame
Task: What life experiences influenced Coleridge's ability to produce exotic, weird, and dream-like poetry? What was going on in society that caused readers to flock to this type of writing?
List the top 10. Explain each choice in a sentence or two.  (40 points)

Possible sources - as always, feel free to venture beyond these! Please provide a Works Cited list.

http://www.biographyonline.net/poets/coleridge.html (Biographical information)
https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/samuel-taylor-coleridge    "

Documentary on Romanticism: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oLwRXlSgiSQ

Assignment #3 - "The Rhyme of the Ancient Mariner"

Task: Read/listen to the poem. Listen & read along to the Iron Maiden version. I suggest that you have a printed copy of the original poem in front of you to use to jot down noes as the story moves along in the YouTube presentation.

Write a 1-2 page essay where you discuss the power of the  Gothic elements in the poem. Also consider - did the ancient Mariner really have this experience, or, is it all in his mind?  50 points

AND

 In addition to the essay, write a paragraph or two or three rating the text, reading, and Iron Maiden version. What were the strengths and weaknesses of each? What was your favorite? (30 points)


Assignment #4: Quotations from The Rime of the Ancient Mariner

Quotations: http://www.goodreads.com/work/quotes/678243-the-rime-of-the-ancient-mariner

Task: "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" was the birth place of many quotations that have found their way into our every-day language. Read through the list. Select your favorite three.
For each, explain:
  • List the quotation
  • Explain what it has to do with the poem
  • Share when it might be appropriate to use the lines in conversation.
  • (30 points)
Week #6 - Assignment #5: "The Lady of Shalott" by Alfred Lord Tennyson

Background information: Do you know the story of King Author, Sir. Lancelott, and Guinevere?
Author and Guinevere are not important in this narrative poem, but Sir Lancelott is. Quickly refresh your memory of Sir Lancelot before reading the poem, "The Lady of Shalott."

Biography of Tennyson: http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poems-and-poets/poets/detail/alfred-tennyson Read this and find out why many of his works contained trance-like elements.

Author and Guinevere are not important in this narrative poem, but Sir Lancelott is. Quickly refresh your memory of Sir Lancelot before reading the poem, "The Lady of Shalott."

Text: http://www.famousliteraryworks.com/tennyson_the_lady_of_shalott.htm
Audio + text: https://www.youtube.com/watch?annotation_id=annotation_484663&feature=iv&src_vid=bUuZBXNw0O8&v=9stw4vARvlw


Inquiring minds want to know the rest of the story.

1. Read or read and listen to the poem.
2.Figure out the "plot". This is a narrative poem, so it has a story line. Summarize the plot in four parts. Use no more than three sentences per section. (40 points)

Filling in the blanks of the tale:
3. Here are some unanswered questions. Use your own thoughts - no research - I want to know what you think. You will be writing a news story or narrative story that answers these questions, or at least most of them. Use your imagination.
  • 1. Why was the Lady of Shalott cursed? What did she do to deserve to be cursed? Who cursed her?
  • 2. Why did she look out of the window? What was important enough to risk her life?
  • 3. Who is the Lady of Shalott? What was she before being placed in the tower on the island? Did she have friends? Who were her enemies?
  • 4. What is Sir Lancelot to the Lady? Explain his last words. Have they ever met before?
  • 5. Did the town have anything to fear from her in death?
  • What happens next? (60 points)
Assignment #6 - Mirrors and Art

Task A: Mirrors and artists present a copy of reality.
Mirrors:
http://www.disclose.tv/forum/the-magic-and-myths-of-mirrors-t11700.html
http://www.timelessmyths.co.uk/mirrors.html

A. What other tales, poems, or stories feature mirrors? What makes the mirrors memorable, sinister, lovely, or mysterious? Please share your thoughts about two such tales. (20 points)

Task B. Take a look at how artists portray the Lady of Shalott. Then, select the painting that you feel best captures Tennyson's Lady. Explain your choice in paragraph form. What do you like about the painting? In what ways is it true to the narrative poem? (30 points)

This is a famous paintings:; The lady in the boat: http://www.tate.org.uk/art/artworks/waterhouse-the-lady-of-shalott-n01543
Painting and analysis: http://www.artble.com/artists/john_william_waterhouse/paintings/the_lady_of_shalott/more_information/analysis
Information about more paintings: http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/losboat.html
http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/tennyson/losbower.html

I am half sick of shadows: http://www.victorianweb.org/painting/jww/paintings/22.html
and https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=A86.J732ZB5XLmEALWsnnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByNWU4cGh1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=I+Am+Half+Sick+of+Shadows+Lady+of+Shalott+Painting&fr=ytff1-tyc&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-006
*********************************************************************************

Preview of coming attractions:
For week #8, you will be reporting on a contemporary Gothic novel. Please make a selection now and start reading. Novels are available in libraries if you do now own or do not wish to purchase a novel.

Here is someone's list of the top 10. Feel free to select other titles.
https://horrornovelreviews.com/2013/07/07/top-ten-modern-gothic-novels/
and top 10 authors
https://horrornovelreviews.com/2012/09/02/todays-top-10-horror-authors/

You choose! Your favorite may not be on either list, but that does not mean that it is not a good selection. Start reading!

Monday, April 18, 2016

Week #5 - Mad Scientists!

Assignment #1: Discussion:
Take a look at the controversial, scientific topics of our time. (See links below.)  There are many pros and cons associated with each.
  • Select one topic that is of interest to you and post a brief explanation of the topic and why you support or reject it.  
  • Respond to the people who respond to you.
  • Respond to at least two others with different topics.
  • (50 points possible this week)
Perhaps you think that knowing of your cultural heritage and sending off a blood sample to one of the many sites that search your genetic lineage through  blood is a fine thing to know. (Ancestry.com and National Geographic are just two such places that offer the testing. A test like this is used on the television show "Who Do You Think You Are.")

Or, perhaps you feel that medical genetic testing can only lead to too much information and might be used against you by health insurance companies if it is discovered that you carry a gene for cancer or other terminal and expensive illness. (Angela Jolie had this type of testing to determine that she carried the gene for breast cancer.)

Many worry that genetic modification is altering our food sources in unhealthy ways. Others hail the modification as a wonderful way to help to feel the world.

These are just a few of the many topics in our current world of science.


Possible sites - there are others. I offer these as a place to start.

Assignment #2: Who was Robert Louis Stevenson?

Task: List the top 10 facts in Stevenson's life that possibly influenced the Gothic nature of The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. Explain each choice.
List your sources as well.  ( 20 points)
 
These are good places to start. As always, try to venture out a bit further. Be sure to credit your sources.
Video documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-h2lhMEnx9s
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iWJs_cheq-A


Assignment #3 - Video and Audio Versions (Comparison/Contrast Review)

This week will involve listing and viewing.

  • View and read the 1920s silent movie version staring John Barrymore.
  • Choose from the cartoon or the 2003 version (See links below)
  • Finally, watch the Broadway Musical adaptation of the book. (I was fortunate to see  an off Broadway version of this, not starring anybody in particular,  before it hit the big time on Broadway. I found it captivating even then.) This link provides the printed lyrics if you wish to print it,  follow along and make notes. http://www.thebroadwaymusicals.com/j/jekyllhyde.htm
Task: Write a review for each  version. Pretend you are the entertainment critic for the EMCC Gazette - should such a publication exist. (3 reviews total = 30 points each = total: 90)


B. 1920's silent movie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kjQaAK5Vof4 (Sorry - there are commercials. Nothing is free!)

C. Jekyll & Hyde staring David Hasselhoff: (Yes, there is LOTS of singing!)
Part 1: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E2IGRzV45aw
Part 2: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=K_x9oxYLM9g
Part 3: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TtKMeJvOV4c
Part 4: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ULVHZuqFgxU
Part 5: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PICK-Kr-XFU
Part 6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IhxOaCjMmF4
Part 7: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L-FImUggKqg
Part 8: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=66jSpBEKpX4
Part 9: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dbe8zCsQBEo
Part 10: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=a77-0eCGvUQ
Part 11: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=viEJ5fX2ez8
Part 12: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmUaCh8PjlM
Part 13: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wmUaCh8PjlM
Part 14: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CFkA-AHZfOY

D. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EugSL1jbUE0 (cartoon version)

E. 2003 Movie Version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mQt5FreIiQ Starring John Hannah

Week #5/ Assignment #4: Transformations/ Good to Evil & Evil to Good

  • What is evil? What is good?
  • How would you define evil?
  • What causes evil?
  • What are some examples of evil? What are some examples of good?
  • Are all people capable of evil?
  •  If there were no evil, would good exist?
  • Are people born evil, or do humans learn evil?
  • If evil could be eliminated from the earth, should it be? Explain.
  • Reference transformation scenes that support your point of view.

These are questions as old as mankind. Stevenson and other authors have explored the concept.
View the transformation scenes listed below then write a one - two page paper that answers the questions above.

Also, rate the video transformation that is most faithful to the description in the novel.

Essay: 50 points
Rating: 10 points
Read the transformation scene in the book. Then rate
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=uN4Di8DEPf8 (1932 Dr. Jekyll & Mr. Hyde)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zqqZ0yFqY04 (old version Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6oTI5OfHFb8 (Jekyll & Hyde musical version)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f7N7OT95XPA 1955 version Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde


Other famous transformations:
10 Literary Transformations: http://listverse.com/2011/10/09/top-10-metamorphoses-in-literature/
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eM3j3S465oo Beauty and the Beast
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fUKrixitvB4 Top 10 Disney Transformations
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sPW7uzGbFZ4 (3 Hulk Transformations)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-ebptPpLk78 (Twilight Werewolf Transformation)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lMAA3wr9fa0 (Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wFuV_8LoHD4 (Transformers Transformations)



Week #5 - Assignment #5 Mad Science Lab

Literature abounds with mad scientists and their labs.  Here is someone's top 10. Your favorite may be elsewhere!
https://litreactor.com/columns/lurid-mad-scientist-top-ten

Gothic Steampunk Halloween Images: https://www.pinterest.com/suttonlee/gothic-steampunk-mad-science-halloween/https://www.pinterest.com/suttonlee/gothic-steampunk-mad-science-halloween/
Gothic Science Lab Images: https://images.search.yahoo.com/yhs/search;_ylt=AwrTcdrMIhVXbsMA4usnnIlQ;_ylu=X3oDMTByNWU4cGh1BGNvbG8DZ3ExBHBvcwMxBHZ0aWQDBHNlYwNzYw--?p=Gothic+Science+Labs&fr=ytff1-tyc&hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-006

Gothic Science Labs - gateway to Science Fiction? http://www.gothic.stir.ac.uk/guestblog/gothic-science-fiction-%E2%80%93-a-beginning/ (essay - please read)

Task: Gothic settings are important to the story. If you were to create a frightening science lab, what would you include? Would it be covered in cobwebs and adorned with skulls. Perhaps you would take a different path and have a somewhat empty room adorned with  lights, metal, and buttons. Medical machines and mysterious potions might be your style. Which is more frightening?

Answer that question by creating a collage or other visual of your Gothic mad science lab. This will work in WORD or PowerPoint. Of course, photos of your own may be uploaded as well. Either way, explain your setting in paragraph form. Let the viewer know why the items you selected for the lab would be the most frightening.
(50 points)

 

Monday, April 11, 2016

Week #4 - Poe and Beyond



Assignment #1 = Discussion Board - Poe's Quotes

Visit an Edgar Allan Poe quotation site.

Read through the possibilities and  two quotations from Poe to discuss. Why were these your selections? What do the quotations have to do with Poe? How do the quotations relate to the modern reader?

Assignment #2 - All About Black Cats

  1. Before reading "The Black Cat," a grim tale by Poe, conduct research about the history of cats in general and black cats in particular. Are black cars always considered to bring bad luck, or are they simply misunderstood? Write a two paragraph summary of the information you discover. Try to stay away from Wikipedia as the information there is not always verified and can be changed by a reader's whim.
  2. For the third paragraph, share any experiences you have personally had with black cats or with cats of any color or size. Do black cats deserve their reputation for being evil?

 Possible sites: (Do not limit yourself to these! Do post your sources in a Works Cited entry following your paragraphs.)

Sites:
Just for fun: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DNSYzXIiVrM

(30 points)

Assignment #3 Edgar Allan Poe's, "The Black Cat"


Read the tale of terror!
http://poestories.com/read/blackcat (Light text of black background)
http://www.online-literature.com/poe/24/ ( Dark text on light background)

Or listen, if you prefer:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oeHSRNgc6QI

Here is a short video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GKN_I6ouswg

Questions to answer:
1. To what extent does the first person narration have on the story? Who is the narrator? What is his problem? Is that problem internal or external? In other words, is it caused by outside forces, or is something sinister lurking within?

2. If the story had been told from third person point of view, that is by an outsider or news reporter, how might the tale have been different? Would you, the reader, know more or less? Would this point of view make the story more or less frightening? Explain.

3. Poe uses a mythological allusion by naming the cat Pluto. Conduct research and find out about the Roman god Pluto. Share 5 key points about the god as they relate to the story, the cat, and the narrator.

4. Think of movies, books or stories you have seen or read that feature cats.
  • List them. Explain in a few sentences how those tales are similar to or different from Poe's cat and story.
(40 points)
Assignment #4 - "The Cask of Amontillado"

Read the tale!
Text: http://literature.org/authors/poe-edgar-allan/amontillado.html
Audio book: https://search.yahoo.com/yhs/search?hspart=mozilla&hsimp=yhs-006&ei=utf-8&fr=ytff1-tyc&p=The%20Cask%20of%20Amontillado%20Full%20Audio%20Books&type=
Here's a movie/text version! Enjoy. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=SoUPJId_AWk

Here is another movie that won an award at the 2013 Sacramento Film Festival

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XwQ2fcqe5w0

1. Read or listen to the story.
2. View both movie versions.
3. Write a review where you compare and contrast the movies to the original story and explain which movie most effectively captures the characters, setting, tone and message of the original.
 (25 points)
Assignment #5: "The Pit and the Pendulum"
Text: http://www.online-literature.com/poe/40/
Audio: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=31ZjObEHQ1U (Vincent Price - narrator)

Being buried alive is a natural human fear. Poe capitalizes on that fear in many of his stories and poems. In some, like the poem "Annabelle Lee" that we read last week, he rather looks forward to going to the tomb. In others, like "The Cask of Amontillado", he portrays the horrors of premature burial. "The Pit and the Pendulum" combines the idea of being buried alive with the torture associated with the Inquisition. Add a few rats, another creature that evokes horror, and you have the recipe for terror.

A. Conduct some research on rats. What characteristics and qualities do they have that lead humans to hate and fear them? Explain in paragraph form why rats often evoke fear and disgust. Do they deserve this reputation? After all, they are the heroes in "The Pit and the Pendulum." Report your findings in paragraph form.
Rat History: http://www.ramshornstudio.com/rat_history.htm
Hawaiian rats: http://www.fws.gov/pacificislands/publications/Ratsfactsheet.pdf
Diseases carried by rats: http://www.cdc.gov/rodents/diseases/direct.html


B. What other rats appear in literature? Review these links an find out.
Review these stories. What rat is your favorite? What rat do you fear of dislike the most?  Explain your selections.

C. Now, back to the idea of burial. Describe the "pit" where the narrator is jailed. In what ways is it tomb-like? In what ways does it evolve during the story? Is the pit more frightening than the pendulum, or is the pendulum the greatest fear?
 (30 points)
Assignment #6 - Select a Poe story to read and review. You are the critic!

Poe's stories are available for free on the Internet. Here are a few places to look:
http://www.eapoe.org/works/index.htm
http://www.poestories.com/


1. Poe is famous for many literary works. You might consider one of his more popular titles such as "The Purloined Letter", "The Gold Bug", "The Masque of the Red Death", "The Fall of the House of Usher", "William Wilson", or "Murders in the Rue Morgue" to name of few. Or, you might select a lesson known tale. The choice is yours. Read the story.

Many of the stories are in audio-book form. Search YouTube. Some of Poe's works have been captures on video. Again, YouTube is a free place to search.

Assignment: Read, listen, and/or view the story of your choice. Write a review of the tale. Pretend that there is a Poe site, something like Yelp for Poe. Review and rate the story.


Your review should be 1-1/2 pages. Have fun. Your opinion counts. (25 points)

Reminder: Finish The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. We will deal with it next week.
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42 
http://www.learnlibrary.com/jekyll-hyde/

 

 

Monday, April 4, 2016

Week #3 - April 4-10, 2016

I hope you enjoyed your week with Nathaniel Hawthorne. We will spend this week with Edgar Allan Poe's poetry.  Poe will certainly send a few chills up your spine! Enjoy! Next week we will look at his short stories.

Assignment #1: With Poe, his life experiences influenced his writing.
Research:
  1.  His early years,
  2.  His education and work experiences,
  3. His loves, challenges, and hardships.
  4. His writings, fame, and fortune,
  5. and his death.
Be sure to include in-text citations and a Works Cited segment.

This of this as a brochure of Poe. Break your responses into the five sections listed above. You may create a brochure, or you may write a Word document and break it into the five sections. (50 points)

Sources: (Feel free to conduct additional research. These are good places to start.)                         

Discussion Board #3
Topic: Phobias
http://phobialist.com/reverse.html (Alphabetical listing of phobias)
Definition of phobia: An extremely strong dislike or fear of someone or something / an exaggerated usually inexplicable and illogical fear of a particular object, class of objects, or situation (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/phobia)
The Mayo Clinic site offers a more detailed definition. http://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/phobias/basics/definition/CON-20023478

Take a look at the list of phobias. Think about you own experiences and the experiences of others. Also consider the use of phobias in books, movies, stories, and poetry. Share your thoughts. How do phobias impact life?

Snakes - I guess I have something in common with Indiana Jones of Raiders of the Lost Ark fame. I dislike snakes. I boldly profess that I am not terrified of them and have even held and saved a little green garden snake that was in my yard and being tormented by the neighbors. I know that little green garden snakes are helpful and keep down the harmful insect population. I also know that they cannot poison anyone or anything. It wasn't much of an act of courage to pick  up the foot-long creature and place it in the swamp behind my Virginia house.

Now rattle snakes are another story. Here in Arizona we are living in their territory. I stepped out on my porch one hot afternoon and heard a strange hissing sound that was just like the sound the sprinkling system makes when watering the lawn. It was the wrong time of day for that. As I looked around, I realized that the sound was coming from the garden area by my feet. Yes, there it was. A three foot long rattle snake was curled up by my toes. I screamed and jumped past it.- a stupid thing to do. I should have kept on going out to the yard. However, once safely in the house, I called everyone I could think of to come and get the snake. Perhaps they were as frightened of snakes as I was because by the time any help arrived, the poor, lost creature had slithered its way back to the desert.

Do I have a phobia? Perhaps. I choose to think of it as a healthy respect for things that can kill me!

Assignment #2 - Poe's Poetry

A college English professor of mine once said that Poe thought that there was nothing more beautiful in this world than the death of a beautiful woman. Take a look at the following poems.

1. "Annabelle Lee" http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/174151
   Musical Version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAtSCz9ixWs
   A short film version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kBvfLiI5uY8
2. "For Annie" http://poestories.com/read/annie
Audio version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tt2-BtoO8Fc
3. "The Sleeper" http://poestories.com/read/sleeper
  A visual: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rXERNqKOCuM

Write a brief summary of each poem.
Then, write a concluding summary noting the similarities among the three. Did Poe show beauty in death?

Assignment #3
"The Raven"
This is one of Poe's most famous works.
Read the poem. http://www.poetryfoundation.org/poem/178713
or Listen to the poem: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zuGZ_wp_i9w
or read and listen: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BefliMlEzZ8 

1.There are several mythological allusions in this poem. Pick one. Research. Explain what the reference has to do with the poem.
  • Angels
  • Plutonian shore
  • Seraphim
  • Pallas
  • Balm in Gilead
  • Nepenthe
2. Why a raven? Conduct research and find out the history and life of ravens. Write a paragraph or two. Then explain -  In what ways does the choice of a raven add to the poem? What if this were "The Robin" or "The Eagle"? What impact would the change in birds have on the poem?

3. Look up the meaning of "Lenore." What does the name mean? Thinking back on Poe's life, is Lenore someone from his past? Explain.

4. What Gothic elements do you see in this poem. Does the time of the feathered visitor impact the story? What about the flickering firelight? What other Gothic elements add to the story?

5. Think about it, was there really a raven? What happens to the narrator in the end? Justify you opinion with evidence from the poem.

Assignment #4
More Poe Poetry

Select two additional poems by Poe to study. http://www.poetryloverspage.com/poets/poe/poe_ind.html

Many of Poe's poems  are read on YouTube if you prefer listening in addition to reading.
1. Summarize each poem. (20 points)
2. Explain why you selected each. (10 points)
3. Then, select one of the two and create a visual collage to represent the poem. This can be done in Word or on a PowerPoint slide. Write a paragraph or two and explain your image choices. (20 points)

Total: 60 points


Reminder: Continue reading The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.
http://www.learnlibrary.com/jekyll-hyde/
http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/42 (Some options)


.